List of people on United States banknotes

Individual portraits of 53 people central to the history of the United States are depicted on the country’s banknotes[1][nb 1] including presidents, cabinet members, members of Congress, Founding Fathers, jurists, and military leaders. The Secretary of the Treasury was given broad latitude by Congress in 1862 to supervise the design, printing, and issue of banknotes.[nb 2][4] The Secretary, with input from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, has final approval over the design of banknotes.[nb 3]

The redesign of U.S. banknotes in 1922 prompted the Treasury Department to review the portraits on banknotes and conclude that “portraits of Presidents of the United States have a more permanent familiarity in the minds of the public than any others.”[6] Exceptions were made for Alexander Hamilton, Salmon Chase, and Benjamin Franklin. There have been no changes in the people depicted on currency intended for the general public since 1928; when Woodrow Wilson was depicted on the 1934 $100,000 gold certificate, the note was only for internal Treasury and Federal Reserve Bank use.

Five people have been depicted on U.S. currency during their lifetime, with each of those depictions occurring during the American Civil War. Abraham Lincoln was portrayed on the 1861 $10 Demand Note; Salmon Chase, Lincoln’s Secretary of the Treasury, approved his own portrait for the 1862 $1 Legal Tender Note; Winfield Scott was depicted on Interest Bearing Notes during the early 1860s; and Francis Spinner and Spencer Clark both approved the use of their own image on fractional currency. In 1873, driven in large part by the actions of Spinner and Clark, Congress prohibited the use of portraits of living people on any U.S. bond, security, note, or fractional or postal currency.[7]

Key to banknote type abbreviations[edit]

Many of the 53 individuals were depicted on more than one note of a series or denomination. In the description of the banknotes, the date in parentheses indicates the individual’s first appearance on a given note type and denomination. When multiple banknotes are listed, the order, though seeming random, is in accordance with the Friedberg Number,[1] in ascending Friedberg order.[nb 4][nb 5] The engraved portraits are from a virtual exhibit of bank notes[9] which are part of the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution.

People depicted[edit]

Each of the 53 individuals depicted on U.S. banknotes (not including fractional currency) is listed alphabetically with their most commonly associated titles, positions held, or affiliations (with dates). Elected and appointed government positions are fairly comprehensive and positions are presented in ascending chronological order.

Name	Born	Died	Portrait[nb 6]	Title/comments	U.S. Banknote(s)[10]	IAD[11]
John Quincy Adams[12]	11 Jul 1767	23 Feb 1848	U.S. Minister to the Netherlands (1794–97), Prussia (1797–1801); State Senate (Massachusetts, 1802); U.S. Senate (Massachusetts, 1803–08); U.S. Minister to Russia (1809–14), Great Britain (1815–17); U.S. Secretary of State (1817–25); President of the United States (1825–29); U.S. House (Massachusetts, 1831–48).[13]	LT $500 (1869)	1869
Thomas Hart Benton[14]	14 Mar 1782	10 Apr 1858	U.S. Senate (Missouri, 1821–51); U.S. House (Missouri, 1853–55).	GC $100 (1870)	1870
Salmon Portland Chase[15]	13 Jan 1808	7 May 1873	U.S. Senate (Ohio, 1849–55 & 1861); Governor (Ohio, 1856–60); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1861–64); Chief Justice of the United States (1864–73).	LT $1 (1862)	1861
William Clark	1 Aug 1770	1 Sep 1838	Explorer Captain, U.S. Army (1789–96); Superintendent of Indian Affairs (1807–13 & 1822–38);[16] Governor, Missouri Territory (1813–20).[17]	LT $10 (1901)	1901
Henry Clay[18]	12 Apr 1777	29 Jun 1852	State House (Kentucky, 1803); U.S. Senate (Kentucky, 1806–07 & 1810–11); Speaker of the House (1811–14, 1815–20, 1823–25); U.S. Secretary of State (1825–29); U.S. Senate (Kentucky, 1831–43 & 1849–52).[19]	LT $50 (1869)	1869
Grover Cleveland[20]	18 Mar 1837	24 Jun 1908	Governor (New York, 1883–85); President of the United States (1885–89, 1893–97).	FRBN $20 (1915)	1914
DeWitt Clinton[21]	2 Mar 1769	11 Feb 1828	State House (New York, 1797–98); State Senate, (New York, 1798–1802 & 1805–11); U.S. Senate (New York, 1802–03); Mayor, New York City (1803–07, 1808-1810 & 1811-15); Lieutenant Governor (New York, 1811–13); Candidate for President (1812); Governor (New York, 1817–23, 1825–28).[22]	LT $1,000 (1869)	1869
Stephen Decatur[23]	5 Jan 1779	22 Mar 1820	Commodore, U.S. Navy; Quasi-War, First Barbary War; Awarded Congressional Gold Medal (1813).	SC $20 (1878)	1878
Edward Everett[24]	11 Apr 1794	15 Jan 1865	U.S. House (Massachusetts, 1825–35); Governor (Massachusetts, 1836–40); U.S. Minister to Great Britain (1841–45); U.S. Secretary of State (1852–53); U.S. Senate (Massachusetts, 1853–54).	SC $50 (1878)	1878
David Glasgow Farragut[25]	5 Jul 1801	14 Aug 1870	Admiral, Commander-in-Chief (1861–70),[26] U.S. Navy (1810–1868); War of 1812, West Indies, American Civil War; Received Thanks of Congress (1862[26] & 1866).[26]	TN $100 (1890)	1890
William Pitt Fessenden[27]	16 Oct 1806	8 Sep 1869		State House (Maine, 1832, 1840, 1845–46, 1853–54); U.S. House (Maine, 1841–43); U.S. Senate (Maine, 1854–64); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1864–65).[28]	NBN $20 (1882, reverse)	1882[29]
Benjamin Franklin[30]	17 Jan 1706	17 Apr 1790	Founder; Delegate, Pennsylvania, Continental Congress; U.S. Postmaster General (1775, Inaugural Holder); Signer, Declaration of Independence (1776); U.S. Minister to France (1778–85), Sweden (1782–83); President of Pennsylvania (1785–88); Delegate, Pennsylvania, U.S. Constitutional Convention (1787).	LT $50 (1874)	1874
Robert Fulton[31]	14 Nov 1765	24 Feb 1815	Engineer; Inventor	SC $2 (1896, reverse)	1896
Albert Gallatin[32]	29 Jan 1761	12 Aug 1849	State House (Pennsylvania, 1790–92); U.S. Senate (Pennsylvania, 1793–94); U.S. House (Pennsylvania, 1795–1801); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1801–14); U.S. Minister to France (1815–23), Great Britain (1826–27).[33]	LT $500 (1862)	1862
James Abram Garfield[34]	19 Nov 1831	19 Sep 1881	State Senate, (Ohio, 1859–61);[35] Major General, U.S. Army, (1861–63);[36] U.S. House (Ohio, 1863–81); President of the United States (1881). Shot by Charles J. Guiteau on 2 July 1881.[37]	NBN $5 (1882)	1882
Ulysses S. Grant[38]	27 Apr 1822	23 Jul 1885	Commanding General (1864–69), U.S. Army (1843–54, 1861–69 & 1877–85); U.S. Secretary of War, (Interim, 12 August 1867 – 12 January 1868);[39] President of the United States (1869–77) Mexican–American War, American Civil War; Received Thanks of Congress (1863) and awarded The Congressional Gold Medal(1863).[40]	SC $1 (1899)	1886
Alexander Hamilton[41]	11 Jan 1757	12 Jul 1804	Founder; Lieutenant Colonel, Continental Army (1775–); Continental Congress (1782–83); State House (New York, 1787); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1789–95); Major General, Senior Officer, U.S. Army (1799–1800).[42]	DN $5 (1861)	1861
Winfield Scott Hancock[43]	14 Feb 1824	9 Feb 1886	Major General (1866–86), U.S. Army (1844–86); Mexican–American War, American Civil War. Received Thanks of Congress (1866);[44] Candidate for President (1880).	SC $2 (1886)	1886
Benjamin Harrison[45]	20 Aug 1833	13 Mar 1901		Brigadier General, U.S. Army (1862–65);[46] U.S. Senate (Indiana, 1881–87); President of the United States (1889–93).	NBN $5 (1902)	1902
Thomas Andrews Hendricks[47]	7 Sep 1819	25 Nov 1885	State House (Indiana, 1848–49); U.S. House (Indiana, 1851–55); Assistant Treasurer of the United States (1853); U.S. Senate (Indiana, 1863–69); Governor (Indiana, 1873–77); Vice President of the United States (1885, Died in Office).[48]	SC $10 (1886)	1886
Michael Hillegas[49]	22 Apr 1729	29 Sep 1804	Provincial Assembly (Pennsylvania, 1765–75); Treasurer of the United States (1775–89, Inaugural Holder).	GC $10 (1907)	1907
Andrew Jackson[50]	15 Mar 1767	8 Jun 1845	U.S. House (Tennessee, 1796–97); U.S. Senate (Tennessee, 1797–98); Judge, Tennessee Supreme Court (1798–1804); Major General, U.S. Army, Awarded Congressional Gold Medal(1815); Military Governor of Florida (10 March 1821 – 18 July 1821); U.S. Senate (Tennessee, 1823–25); President of the United States (1829–37). An assassination attempt (the first on a U.S. President) was made by Richard Lawrence on 30 January 1835 outside the Capitol building.[51]	LT $5 (1869)	1861
Thomas Jefferson[52]	13 Apr 1743	4 Jul 1826	Founder; House of Burgesses (Virginia, 1769); Delegate, Virginia Continental Congress (1775–76 & 1783–84); Signer, Declaration of Independence (1776); Governor (Virginia, 1779–81); U.S. Minister to France (1785–89); U.S. Secretary of State (1790–93, Inaugural Holder ); Candidate for President (1796); Vice President of the United States (1797–1801); President of the United States (1801–09).	LT $2 (1869)	1869
John Jay Knox, Jr.[53]	19 Mar 1828	12 Feb 1892		Comptroller of the Currency, Department of the Treasury (1872–84).[54]	NBN $100 (1902)	1902
Meriwether Lewis[55]	18 Aug 1774	11 Oct 1809	Explorer; Governor, Louisiana/Missouri Territory (1807–09).[56]	LT $10 (1901)	1901
Abraham Lincoln[57]	12 Feb 1809	15 Apr 1865	State House (Illinois, 1834–41); U.S. House (Illinois, 1847–49); President of the United States (1861–65).[58] Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on 15 April 1865.[59]	DN $1 (1861)	1861
James Madison[60]	16 Mar 1751	28 Jun 1836	Founder; Member, First General Assembly of Virginia (1776); Delegate, Virginia, Continental Congress (1780–83 & 1786–88); Virginia House of Delegates (1783–86); U.S. Constitutional Convention (1787); U.S. House (Virginia, 1789–97); U.S. Secretary of State (1801–09); President of the United States (1809–17).	LT $5,000 (1878)	1870
Daniel Manning	16 May 1831	24 Dec 1887	U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1885–87)	SC $20 (1886)	1886
Joseph King Fenno Mansfield[61]	22 Dec 1803	18 Sep 1862	Major General (1862), U.S. Army (1822–62); Mexican–American War, American Civil War.	LT $500 (1874)	1874
William Learned Marcy[62]	12 Dec 1786	4 Jul 1857	Adjutant General, New York State Militia (1821–23); New York State Comptroller (1823); Judge, New York Supreme Court (1829–31); U.S. Senate (New York, 1831–33); Governor (New York, 1833–39); Commissioner of Mexican Claims (1839–42); U.S. Secretary of War (1845–49); U.S. Secretary of State (1853–57).[63]	SC $1,000 (1878)	1878
John Marshall[64]	24 Sep 1755	6 Jul 1835	Captain, Continental Army (1776–81);[65] Virginia General Assembly (1782–91, 1797); U.S. Minister to France (1797); U.S. House (Virginia, 1799–1800); U.S. Secretary of State (1800–01); Chief Justice of the United States (1801–35).	TN $20 (1890)	1890
Hugh McCulloch[66]	7 Dec 1801	24 May 1895		Comptroller of the Currency (1863–65); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1865–69 & 1884–85).	NBN $20 (1902)	1902
William McKinley, Jr.[67]	29 Jan 1843	14 Sep 1901	Major, U.S. Army (1861–65); U.S. House (Ohio, 1877–84 & 1885–91); Governor (Ohio, 1892–96);[68] President of the United States (1897–1901). Shot by Leon Czolgosz on 6 September 1901.[69]	NBN $10 (1902)	1902
James Birdseye McPherson[70]	14 Nov 1828	22 Jul 1864	Major General (1862–64), U.S. Army (1853–64), American Civil War; Killed in battle.[71]	TN $2 (1890)	1890
George Gordon Meade[72]	31 Dec 1815	6 Nov 1872	Major General (1862–69), U.S. Army (1835–69); Mexican–American War, American Civil War; Received Thanks of Congress (1864).[73]	TN $1,000 (1890)	1890
James Monroe[74]	28 Apr 1758	4 Jul 1831	Major, Continental Army (1776–79); Colonel, Virginia State Militia (1780);[75] Continental Congress (1783–86); State House (Virginia, 1786 & 1810–11); U.S. Senate (Virginia, 1790–94); U.S. Minister to France (1794–96); Governor (Virginia, 1799–1802 & 1811); U.S. Minister to Great Britain (1803–07); U.S. Secretary of State (1811–14 & 1815–17); U.S. Secretary of War (Interim, 27 August 1814 – 15 March 1815);[76] President of the United States (1817–25).	SC $100 (1878)	1878
Robert Morris[77]	31 Jan 1734	8 May 1806	Founder; Delegate, Pennsylvania, Continental Congress (1776); Signer, Declaration of Independence (1776); State House (Pennsylvania, 1778–81 & 1785–87); United States Superintendent of Finance (1781–84).	LT $1,000 (1862)	1862
Samuel Finley Breese Morse[78]	27 Apr 1791	2 Apr 1872	Inventor,[79] Morse Telegraph; Co-Inventor, Morse Code; Painter.[80]	SC $2 (1896, reverse)	1896
Running Antelope	c.1821	c.1896	Sioux Chief of the Hunkpapa	SC $5 (1899)	1899
Winfield Scott[81]	13 Jun 1786	29 May 1866	Commanding General (1841–61), U.S. Army (1808–61); War of 1812, Seminole Wars, Black Hawk War, Mexican–American War, American Civil War; Military Governor, Mexico City (1847–48); U.S. Secretary of War (Interim, 24 July 1850 – 15 August 1850);[82] Candidate for President (1852). Awarded Congressional Gold Medal (1814[83] and 1848).[83]	IBN $500 [Two-Year] (1861)	1861
William Henry Seward[84]	16 May 1801	16 Oct 1872	State Senate (New York, 1831–34); Governor (New York, 1839–43); U.S. Senate (New York, 1849–61);[85] U.S. Secretary of State (1861–69). An assassination attempt was made by Lewis Powell, a co-conspirator of John Wilkes Booth, the same night President Lincoln was shot (15 April 1865).[86]	TN $50 (1891)	1891
Philip Henry Sheridan[87]	6 Mar 1831	5 Aug 1888	Commanding General (1883–88), U.S. Army (1853–88); American Civil War, Indian Wars. Received Thanks of Congress (1865).[87]	SC $5 (1896, reverse)	1890
John Sherman[88]	10 May 1823	22 Oct 1900		U.S. House (Ohio, 1855–61); U.S. Senate (Ohio, 1861–77 & 1881–97); President pro tem, U.S. Senate (1885–87);[89] U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1877–81); U.S. Secretary of State (1897–98).	NBN $50 (1902)	1902
William Tecumseh Sherman[90]	8 Feb 1820	14 Feb 1891	U.S. Secretary of War (Interim, 9 September 1869 – 18 October 1869);[89] Commanding General (1869–83), U.S. Army (1840–84); American Civil War, Indian Wars. Received Thanks of Congress (1864[91] & 1865).[91]	TN $500 (1891)	1891[92]
Edwin McMasters Stanton[93]	19 Dec 1814	24 Dec 1869	U.S. Attorney General (1860–61); U.S. Secretary of War (1862–68); U.S. Supreme Court (appointed 1869, died before taking office).[93]	TN $1 (1890)	1890
Charles Sumner[94]	6 Jan 1811	11 Mar 1874	U.S. Senate (Massachusetts, 1851–74).	SC $500 (1878)	1878
George H. Thomas[95]	31 Jul 1816	28 Mar 1870	Major General (1864–70), U.S. Army (1840–70); Mexican–American War, American Civil War. Received Thanks of Congress (1865).[96]	TN $5 (1890)	1890
George Washington[97]	22 Feb 1732	14 Dec 1799	Founder; Virginia House of Burgesses (1758–75);[98] Delegate, VA, Continental Congress (1774–75); Commander-in-Chief, Continental Army (1775–83);[99] Member, U.S. Constitutional Convention (1787); President of the United States (1789–97); Lieutenant General, Commander of the United States Army (1798–99).[100]	LT $1 (1869)	1861
Martha Washington[101]	2 Jun 1731	22 May 1802	First Lady of the United States (1789–97).	SC $1 (1886)	1886
Daniel Webster[102]	18 Jan 1782	24 Oct 1852		U.S. House (New Hampshire, 1813–17); U.S. House (Massachusetts, 1823–27); U.S. Senate (Massachusetts, 1827–41 & 1845–50); Candidate for President (1836); U.S. Secretary of State (1841–43 & 1850–52).[103]	LT $10 (1869)	1869
Woodrow Wilson[104]	28 Dec 1856	3 Feb 1924		Governor (New Jersey, 1911–13); President of the United States (1913–21). Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (1919).[105]	SSN $100,000 (1934)	1934
William Windom[106]	10 May 1827	29 Jan 1891	U.S. House (Minnesota, 1859–69); U.S. Senate (Minnesota, 1870–71, 1871–81 & 1881–83); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1881, 1889–91).[104]	SC $2 (1891)	1891
Silas Wright, Jr.[107]	24 May 1795	27 Aug 1847	U.S. House (New York, 1827–29 & 1829–30); U.S. Senate (New York, 1833–44); Governor (New York, 1845–47).	GC $50 (1882)	1882

Summary of titles/positions[edit]

Below is a summary of the titles/positions held, at one time or another, by the 53 individuals depicted on United States banknotes from 1861 to the present. The list of positions is not exhaustive, but does address the central elected federal and state officials, members of the president’s cabinet, military figureheads, and several of the founders and framers of the United States government.

Fifty-three people held at least 132 elected and appointed positions for a cumulative total of over 763 years of public service.

References[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

1. ^ The scope of U.S. banknotes (e.g., 1861 to the present) is based on the parameters established by the Friedberg reference book.[2]
2. ^ An Act to Authorize the Issue of United States Notes, and for the Redemption or Funding Thereof, and for Funding the Floating Debt of the United States. Feb 25, 1862 Vol. XII, p.345 (original).[3]
3. ^ Placement of an individual on a banknote by an Act of Congress supersedes Treasury Department approval.[5]
4. ^ Large size notes represent the earlier types or series of U.S. banknotes. Their “average” dimension is 7.375 x 3.125 inches (187 x 79 mm). Small size notes (described as such due to their size relative to the earlier large size notes) are an “average” 6.125 x 2.625 inches (156 x 67 mm), the size of modern U.S. currency. “Each measurement is +/- 0.08 inches (2mm) to account for margins and cutting”.[8]
5. ^ Exceptions to the large versus small categories are the CITN, IBN, and RC, all slightly larger than the large size note dimensions.
6. ^ Clicking on the majority of the portraits will reveal the entire note.

Notes[edit]

1. ^ a b Friedberg
2. ^ Friedberg, Arthur L. & Ira S.
3. ^ “Laws of the United States Relating to Loans and the Currency Including the Coinage Acts”. Treasury Department, p. 45.
4. ^ U.S. Currency, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, archived from the original on 5 May 2015, retrieved 15 March 2013
5. ^ Portraits & Designs, U.S. Treasury Website, retrieved 30 December 2012
6. ^ U.S. Currency, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, archived from the original on 5 May 2015, retrieved 11 April 2013
7. ^ “Laws of the United States Relating to Loans and the Currency Including the Coinage Acts”. Treasury Department, p. 128.
8. ^ Friedberg, p. 7.
9. ^ Portraits on U.S. Bank Notes, The National Currency Foundation, retrieved 25 December 2012
10. ^ Treasury Collection Highlights: Part 1, The National Currency Foundation, retrieved 29 December 2012
11. ^ IAD (Initial Appearance Date) indicates each individual’s earliest appearance on the scope of U.S. banknotes covered by this list.
12. ^ Adams, John Quincy, (1767–1848), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
13. ^ Sobel, p. 6.
14. ^ Benton, Thomas Hart, (1782–1858), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
15. ^ Chase, Salmon Portland, (1808–1873), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
16. ^ William Clark informs Indian nations that the U.S. has won the war., Wisconsin Historical Society, retrieved 1 January 2013
17. ^ Kansas Historical Quarterly – William Clark’s Diary, Kansas Historical Society, retrieved 1 January 2013
18. ^ Clay, Henry, (1777–1852), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
19. ^ Sobel, p. 71.
20. ^ Sobel, p. 72.
21. ^ Clinton, De Witt (1769–1828), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 7 February 2013
22. ^ Clinton, DeWitt, (1769–1828), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
23. ^ The Biography of the Principal American Military and Naval Heroes, Applewood Books, Bedford MA, September 2009, ISBN 9781429021715, retrieved 30 December 2012
24. ^ Everett, Edward, (1794–1865), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
25. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 229.
26. ^ a b c Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 230.
27. ^ Fessenden, William Pitt, (1806–1869), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
28. ^ Sobel, p. 124.
29. ^ Although the $20 1882 Date Back and Value Back National Bank Notes carry a series date of 1882, they were not issued/released until the late 1880s to early 1890s.
30. ^ Franklin, Benjamin, (1706–1790), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
31. ^ Robert Fulton: A Symbol of the American Dream, Fordham University, retrieved 30 December 2012
32. ^ Gallatin, Albert, (1761–1849), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
33. ^ Sobel, p. 139.
34. ^ Garfield, James Abram, (1831–1881), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
35. ^ Sobel, p. 140.
36. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 247.
37. ^ “A Great Nation in Grief” (PDF), The New York Times, 3 July 1881, retrieved 22 December 2012
38. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 264.
39. ^ Sobel, p. 153.
40. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 265.
41. ^ Hamilton, Alexander, (1757–1804), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
42. ^ Heitman, p. 269.
43. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 275.
44. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 276.
45. ^ Harrison, Benjamin (1833–1901), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
46. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 281.
47. ^ Hendricks, Thomas Andrews, (1819–1885), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
48. ^ Sobel, p. 172.
49. ^ Egle, William Henry; Hillegas, M. (1888), “Michael Hillegas”, The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 11 (4): 406–409, JSTOR 20083226
50. ^ Jackson, Andrew, (1767–1845), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
51. ^ Life and Death in the White House, National Museum of American History, retrieved 29 December 2012
52. ^ Jefferson, Thomas, (1743–1826), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
53. ^ Knox Family, Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, retrieved 30 December 2012
54. ^ John Jay Knox, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, retrieved 30 December 2012
55. ^ Lewis & Clark, National Park Service, retrieved 30 December 2012
56. ^ Lewis and Clark: The Journey Ends, Smithsonianmag.com, retrieved 1 January 2013
57. ^ Lincoln, Abraham, (1809–1865), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
58. ^ Sobel, p. 232.
59. ^ “President Lincoln Shot by an Assassin”, The New York Times, 15 April 1865, retrieved 22 December 2012
60. ^ Madison, James, Jr. ,(1751–1836), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
61. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 361.
62. ^ Marcy, William Learned, (1786–1857), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
63. ^ Sobel, p. 241.
64. ^ Marshall, John, (1755–1835), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
65. ^ Heitman, p. 381.
66. ^ Sobel, p. 249.
67. ^ McKinley, William, Jr., (1843–1901), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
68. ^ Sobel, p. 254.
69. ^ “Nation Grieves at Loss of President” (PDF), The New York Times, 15 September 1901, retrieved 22 December 2012
70. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 381.
71. ^ “The Dead of 1864”, The New York Times, 29 January 1865, retrieved 22 December 2012
72. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 382.
73. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 383.
74. ^ Monroe, James, (1758–1831), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
75. ^ Heitman, p. 396.
76. ^ Heidler, David S. and Jeanne T. (2004). Encyclopedia of the War of 1812. Naval Institute Press. Annapolis, MD. ISBN 1-59114-362-4. P. 16.
77. ^ Morris, Robert, (1734–1806), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
78. ^ Samuel F.B. Morse Papers, The Library of Congress, retrieved 30 December 2012
79. ^ Inventor of the Week – Samuel F.B. Morse, Lemelson-MIT, archived from the original on 19 February 2003, retrieved 30 December 2012
80. ^ Kennicott, Philip (5 July 2011), “Samuel Morse’s painting “Gallery of the Louvre” on display at National Gallery”, The Washington Post, archived from the original on 1 July 2013, retrieved 6 January 2013
81. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 473.
82. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 474.
83. ^ a b Eicher, John H. & David J., pp. 473–474.
84. ^ Seward, William Henry, (1801–1872), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
85. ^ Sobel, p. 326.
86. ^ “The Attempt to Assassinate Seward” (PDF), The New York Times, 14 March 1909, retrieved 6 January 2013
87. ^ a b Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 481.
88. ^ Sherman, John, (1823–1900), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
89. ^ a b Sobel, p. 328.
90. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 482.
91. ^ a b Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 484.
92. ^ The $500 1891 Treasury Note was designed, plates engraved, and proof certified and approved by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. However, the issue was never released/circulated.
93. ^ a b Sobel, p. 339.
94. ^ Sumner, Charles, (1811–1874), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
95. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., p. 525.
96. ^ Eicher, John H. & David J., pp. 525–526.
97. ^ Washington, George, (1732–1799), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
98. ^ House of Burgesses, archived from the original on 4 January 2013, retrieved 1 January 2013
99. ^ Heitman, p. 571.
100. ^ Sobel, p. 375.
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Bibliography[edit]

• Eicher, John H. and David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
• Friedberg, Arthur L. and Ira S. (2010). Paper Money of the United States, 19th Edition. Clifton, NJ, The Coin & Currency Institute, Inc. ISBN 0-87184-519-9.
• Heitman, Francis B. (1914). Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During The War of the Revolution. Washington, DC, The Rare Book Shop Publishing Company, Inc.
• Sobel, Robert, (ed.) (1990). Biographical Directory of the United States Executive Branch 1774–1989. Westport, CT, Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-26593-3.