9 unlike other tests of significance, chi square easily handles situations in which Advanced Guide
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MPS 536 (SPSS) Take Home C 11 12 13 Feb 17 [1]
Course: Applied Statistics For Public Service (MPS 533). Take Home Exercises c 11 12 13 Association Crosstab
the variables of interest have more than two categories or scores.. the variables of interest have less than two categories or scores.
Which pattern of cell frequencies in a 2×2 table would indicate that the variables are independent?. There are a different number of cases in each of the four cells.
The Handbook of Marketing Research: Uses, Misuses, and Future Advances [2]
The Handbook of Marketing Research: Uses, Misuses, and Future Advances comprehensively explores the approaches for delivering market insights for fact-based decision making in a market-oriented firm. Divided into four parts, the Handbook addresses (1) the different nuances of delivering insights; (2) quantitative, qualitative, and online data gathering techniques; (3) basic and advanced data analysis methods; and (4) the substantial marketing issues that clients are interested in resolving through marketing research.
Completed questionnaires or other measurement instruments must be edited, coded, entered into a data set for processing by computer, and carefully analyzed before their complete meanings and implications can be understood.. Analysis can be viewed as the categorization, the aggregation into constituent parts, and the manipulation of data to obtain answers to the research question or questions underlying the research project
The analysis of obtained data represents the end of the research process …
Department of Sociology [3]
– Understand the characteristics of the chi-square distribution. – Carry out the chi-square test and interpret its results
Chi-Square Distribution: a family asymmetrical, positively skewed distributions, the exact shape of which. is determined by their respective degrees of freedom
Expected Frequencies: The cell frequencies that one might expect to see in a bivariate table if the two variables were statistically independent. The primary use of the chi-square test is to examine whether two variables are independent or not
t-test chi-square test: Topics by Science.gov [4]
The Chi-square statistic is a non-parametric (distribution free) tool designed to analyze group differences when the dependent variable is measured at a nominal level. Like all non-parametric statistics, the Chi-square is robust with respect to the distribution of the data
It permits evaluation of both dichotomous independent variables, and of multiple group studies. Unlike many other non-parametric and some parametric statistics, the calculations needed to compute the Chi-square provide considerable information about how each of the groups performed in the study
The Chi-square is a significance statistic, and should be followed with a strength statistic. The Cramer’s V is the most common strength test used to test the data when a significant Chi-square result has been obtained
Fisher’s exact test of independence [5]
Use the Fisher’s exact test of independence when you have two nominal variables and you want to see whether the proportions of one variable are different depending on the value of the other variable. Use Fisher’s exact test when you have two nominal variables
(2013) studied patients with Clostridium difficile infections, which cause persistent diarrhea. One nominal variable was the treatment: some patients were given the antibiotic vancomycin, and some patients were given a fecal transplant
The percentage of people who received one fecal transplant and were cured (13 out of 16, or 81%) is higher than the percentage of people who received vancomycin and were cured (4 out of 13, or 31%), which seems promising, but the sample sizes seem kind of small. Fisher’s exact test will tell you whether this difference between 81 and 31% is statistically significant.
Chi-Square Distribution [6]
|Ver.||Summary||Created by||Modification||Content Size||Created at||Operation|. In probability theory and statistics, the chi-square distribution (also chi-squared or χ2-distribution) with k degrees of freedom is the distribution of a sum of the squares of k independent standard normal random variables
This distribution is sometimes called the central chi-square distribution, a special case of the more general noncentral chi-square distribution. The chi-square distribution is used in the common chi-square tests for goodness of fit of an observed distribution to a theoretical one, the independence of two criteria of classification of qualitative data, and in confidence interval estimation for a population standard deviation of a normal distribution from a sample standard deviation
If Z1, …, Zk are independent, standard normal random variables, then the sum of their squares,. is distributed according to the chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom
Categorical data analysis – Learning Statistics with R [7]
Now that we’ve got the basic theory behind hypothesis testing, it’s time to start looking at specific tests that are commonly used in psychology. So where should we start? Not every textbook agrees on where to start, but I’m going to start with “\(\chi^2\) tests” (this chapter) and “\(t\)-tests” (Chapter 13)
The term “categorical data” is just another name for “nominal scale data”. It’s nothing that we haven’t already discussed, it’s just that in the context of data analysis people tend to use the term “categorical data” rather than “nominal scale data”
However, there are a lot of different tools that can be used for categorical data analysis, and this chapter only covers a few of the more common ones.. The \(\chi^2\) goodness-of-fit test is one of the oldest hypothesis tests around: it was invented by Karl Pearson around the turn of the century (Pearson 1900), with some corrections made later by Sir Ronald Fisher (Fisher 1922a)
14. Comparing Two Means — Learning Statistics with Python [8]
In the previous chapter we covered the situation when your outcome variable is nominal scale and your predictor variable[1] is also nominal scale. Lots of real world situations have that character, and so you’ll find that chi-square tests in particular are quite widely used
For instance, a psychologist might want to know if anxiety levels are higher among parents than non-parents, or if working memory capacity is reduced by listening to music (relative to not listening to music). In a medical context, we might want to know if a new drug increases or decreases blood pressure
In other words, we want to compare the means of the two groups.. The standard answer to the problem of comparing means is to use a \(t\)-test, of which there are several varieties depending on exactly what question you want to solve
Heterogeneity in Meta-analysis (Q, I-square) [9]
Heterogeneity in meta-analysis refers to the variation in study outcomes between studies. StatsDirect calls statistics for measuring heterogentiy in meta-analysis ‘non-combinability’ statistics in order to help the user to interpret the results.
Q is distributed as a chi-square statistic with k (numer of studies) minus 1 degrees of freedom. Q has low power as a comprehensive test of heterogeneity (Gavaghan et al, 2000), especially when the number of studies is small, i.e
2003): Q is included in each StatsDirect meta-analysis function because it forms part of the DerSimonian-Laird random effects pooling method DerSimonian and Laird 1985). An additional test, due to Breslow and Day (1980), is provided with the odds ratio meta-analysis
Sources
- https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/depaul-university/applied-statistics-for-public-service/mps-536-spss-take-home-c-11-12-13-feb-17/34694528
- https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/hdbk_mktgresearch/n11.xml?PageNum=222
- https://soc.utah.edu/sociology3112/chi-square.php
- https://www.science.gov/topicpages/t/t-test+chi-square+test
- http://www.biostathandbook.com/fishers.html
- https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34125
- https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/learningstatistics/chapter/categorical-data-analysis/
- https://ethanweed.github.io/pythonbook/05.02-ttest.html
- https://www.statsdirect.com/help/meta_analysis/heterogeneity.htm
