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Structure of a chromosome and zoom in to DNA
Structure of a chromosome and zoom in to DNA
Structure of a chromosome and zoom in to DNA
What is a chromosome?: MedlinePlus Genetics [1]
In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure.
However, the DNA that makes up chromosomes becomes more tightly packed during cell division and is then visible under a microscope. Most of what researchers know about chromosomes was learned by observing chromosomes during cell division.
The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health.
Minute to Understanding: What is a chromosome? [2]
Learn about one of the most important structures in our body: chromosomes! See how these chromosomes are structured and why they are essential to the cell division that makes our lives possible.. What is a chromosome? Our cells contain many structures that are essential for living
We have 23 pairs of chromosomes altogether, and they can only be easily observed during cell division.. So why is our DNA kept in this special packaging? The chromosomes unique structure allows our genetic data to be discreetly kept inside our nuclei
If the DNA molecules in a single cell were unwound, they would stretch out to six feet long.. The chromosomes unique structure has a few key parts
Chromosomes Fact Sheet [3]
Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells.. Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells
Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique.. The term chromosome comes from the Greek words for color (chroma) and body (soma)
The unique structure of chromosomes keeps DNA tightly wrapped around spool-like proteins, called histones. Without such packaging, DNA molecules would be too long to fit inside cells
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Fact Sheet [4]
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction.
Because the cell is very small, and because organisms have many DNA molecules per cell, each DNA molecule must be tightly packaged. This packaged form of the DNA is called a chromosome.
At other times in the cell cycle, DNA also unwinds so that its instructions can be used to make proteins and for other biological processes. But during cell division, DNA is in its compact chromosome form to enable transfer to new cells.
DNA, Genes & Chromosomes Overview [5]
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the material that exists in every cell in your body that holds your genetic code. DNA has a language that it uses to write your instruction manual (a code)
These four bases arrange themselves in order to form “words” in your instruction manual.. DNA constantly replicates itself by making hand-written copies of your body’s instruction manual using the chunks of bases that form the words
About 99% of those bases are the same in every person. A protein’s job is to tell your body what types of physical characteristics you should have, like your hair and eye color
Learn Science at Scitable [6]
This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Cells package their DNA not only to protect it, but also to regulate which genes are accessed and when
Of course, just as file drawers help conserve space in an office, DNA packaging helps conserve space in cells. Packaging is the reason why the approximately two meters of human DNA can fit into a cell that is only a few micrometers wide
Cellular DNA is never bare and unaccompanied by other proteins. Rather, it always forms a complex with various protein partners that help package it into such a tiny space
Genes and Chromosomes [7]
Genes are contained in chromosomes, which are in the cell nucleus.. A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes.
A trait is any gene-determined characteristic and is often determined by more than one gene.. Some traits are caused by mutated genes that are inherited or that are the result of a new gene mutation.
Proteins are not just building blocks for muscles, connective tissues, skin, and other structures. Enzymes are complex proteins that control and carry out nearly all chemical processes and reactions within the body
Chromosome Information [8]
Chromosomes are structures found in the center (nucleus) of cells that carry long pieces of DNA. Chromosomes also contain proteins that help DNA exist in the proper form.
Half come from the mother; the other half come from the father.. Two of the chromosomes (the X and the Y chromosome) determine your sex as male or female when you are born
The remaining chromosomes are called autosomal chromosomes. Applications of cytogenetics in modern pathology.In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds
DNA, genes, chromosomes [9]
Humans, like every other organism, are made up of cells. We all start off as just one cell at the time of fertilisation
The mechanism of copying the genome is quite remarkable considering that the human body contains approximately 10 trillion cells. The genome is made of a chemical called DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid and is organised in chromosomes, which contain genes.
Like a recipe book, it holds the instructions for making all the proteins in our bodies. DNA is composed of two strands that wrap around each other to form a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase
Minute to Understanding: What is a chromosome? [10]
Learn about one of the most important structures in our body: chromosomes! See how these chromosomes are structured and why they are essential to the cell division that makes our lives possible.. What is a chromosome? Our cells contain many structures that are essential for living
We have 23 pairs of chromosomes altogether, and they can only be easily observed during cell division.. So why is our DNA kept in this special packaging? The chromosomes unique structure allows our genetic data to be discreetly kept inside our nuclei
If the DNA molecules in a single cell were unwound, they would stretch out to six feet long.. The chromosomes unique structure has a few key parts
What is a chromosome? [11]
– In plant and animal cells, DNA is tightly packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. This is in contrast to bacteria where DNA floats freely around the cell.
– These nucleosomes then coil up tightly to create chromatin loops.. – The chromatin loops are then wrapped around each other to make a full chromosome.
– Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in total): one set comes from your mother and one set comes from your father.. – Of these 23 pairs, one pair are sex chromosomes so differ depending on whether you are male or female (XX for female or XY for male).
chromosome [12]
In animals and plants, chromosomes are located inside the nucleus, or central structure, of each cell. A material called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) makes up most of each chromosome
Some organisms, including bacteria, do not have a nucleus. In these organisms, chromosomes are made up of only DNA.
In most plants and animals, chromosomes come in pairs. Potato cells have 24 pairs, for a total of 48 chromosomes
DNA and RNA [13]
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genomic material in cells that contains the genetic information used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. DNA, along with RNA and proteins, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for life
Within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. The complete set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes
DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel
Wikipedia [14]
Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diːˈɒksɪˌraɪboʊnjuːˌkliːɪk, -ˌkleɪ-/ (listen);[1] DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses
The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides as they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides.[2][3] Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds (known as the phosphodiester linkage) between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone
The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups, pyrimidines and purines. In DNA, the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine; the purines are adenine and guanine.
Genes made Easy [15]
Scientists around the world are unravelling the mysteries of our genes. Exploring our genes reveals our past and our future, from the diseases you’re more likely to get, to where your ancestors came from
Before we can understand genes, we need to talk about cells ! Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. Human cells are too tiny to see with the naked eye, but your body is made of 1,000,000,000,000s of them
For example, red blood cells carry the oxygen you breathe around your body.. FUN FACT: The biggest cell in the world is the Ostrich egg, it can be seen with your naked eye.
Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging in the Chromatin Fiber [16]
By agreement with the publisher, this book is accessible by the search feature, but cannot be browsed.. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
The genomes of eucaryotes are divided up into chromosomes, and in this section we see how genes are typically arranged on each chromosome. In addition, we describe the specialized DNA sequences that allow a chromosome to be accurately duplicated and passed on from one generation to the next.
Each human cell contains approximately 2 meters of DNA if stretched end-to-end; yet the nucleus of a human cell, which contains the DNA, is only about 6 μm in diameter. This is geometrically equivalent to packing 40 km (24 miles) of extremely fine thread into a tennis ball! The complex task of packaging DNA is accomplished by specialized proteins that bind to and fold the DNA, generating a series of coils and loops that provide increasingly higher levels of organization, preventing the DNA from becoming an unmanageable tangle
DNA [17]
DNA is the genetic code which makes up genes, which are responsible for giving an organism a specific characteristic.. Watson and Crick, with help from Franklin and Wilkins, discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953.
It has all the instructions that a living organism needs to grow, reproduce and function. DNA is passed on from parents to their offspring during fertilisation.
The base pairs are held together by weak chemical hydrogen bonds.. There are over three billion different DNA base pairs in each person
9.1 The Structure of DNA – Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian Edition [18]
– Describe how eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA is arranged in the cell. In the 1950s, Francis Crick and James Watson worked together at the University of Cambridge, England, to determine the structure of DNA
Pauling had discovered the secondary structure of proteins using X-ray crystallography. X-ray crystallography is a method for investigating molecular structure by observing the patterns formed by X-rays shot through a crystal of the substance
In Wilkins’ lab, researcher Rosalind Franklin was using X-ray crystallography to understand the structure of DNA. Watson and Crick were able to piece together the puzzle of the DNA molecule using Franklin’s data (Figure 9.2)
The over-representation of binary DNA tracts in seven sequenced chromosomes – BMC Genomics [19]
The over-representation of binary DNA tracts in seven sequenced chromosomes. DNA tracts composed of only two bases are possible in six combinations: A+G (purines, R), C+T (pyrimidines, Y), G+T (Keto, K), A+C (Imino, M), A+T (Weak, W) and G+C (Strong, S)
We have previously shown that R.Y tracts are in vast excess in yeast promoters, and brought evidence for their role in gene regulation. Here we report the systematic mapping of all six binary combinations on the level of complete sequenced chromosomes, as well as in their different subregions.
A huge over-representation, reaching million-folds, has been found for very long tracts of all binary motifs except S, in each of the seven organisms. Long R.Y tracts are the most excessive, except in D
How DNA Is Packaged [20]
This animation shows how DNA molecules are packed up into chromosomes.. DNA is tightly packed up to fit in the nucleus of every cell
These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. Chromatin, in turn, loops and folds with the help of additional proteins to form chromosomes
Depending on students’ background, it may be helpful to pause the animation at various points to discuss different structures.. chromatin, chromosome, DNA packaging, histone, nucleic acid, nucleosome, protein
What is DNA made of? [21]
Our bodies are made up of millions and millions of cells. All the cells in our bodies contain genetic material called DNA which is packaged in structures called chromosomes
DNA is made up of a chain of molecules called Nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a nitrogen base, a sugar group and a phosphate group
DNA nucleotides are attached together in strands to form a structure called the double helix, A pairs with T and G pairs with C. The double helix structure allows the extremely long DNA molecules to coil tightly and form the chromosomes, the chromosomes contain our genes.
Chromosomes Contain Our Genetic Code [22]
All living organisms have one or more chromosomes that contain the code that directs the synthesis of proteins that are essential for its structure and function. In bacteria proteins can be structural and they can be enzymes that perform metabolic functions that can breakdown nutrients that provide energy and provide structural building blocks for growth and replication.
Molecules are generally so small that they can’t be seen even with a microscope, but chromosomes can be seen with a microscope under certain circumstance, particularly when a cell is about to divide. The illustration below shows the 46 chromosomes that contain the human genome.
There are 22 homologous pairs and two sex chromosomes (the X and Y chromosomes). One chromosome in each pair is inherited from one’s mother and one from one’s father
7.2: Chromosomes and DNA Packaging [23]
What you’ll learn to do: Understand chromosome structure and organization in eukaryotic cells. When a cell divides, it is essential that the new cell (also known as the daughter cell) contains the same genetic information as the old cell (also known as the parent cell)
Each chromosome contains information about specific traits of an organism. These chromosomes can be sorted into two categories: autosomes and sex chromosomes
Watch the video below for an overview of chromosomes.. – Differentiate between two kinds of chromosomes: autosomes and sex chromosomes
What is DNA? [24]
Learn about what DNA is made of, how it works, who discovered it and other interesting DNA facts.. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, and it’s a molecule that supplies the genetic instructions that tell living creatures how to develop, live and reproduce
Each nucleotide contains three components: a phosphate group, which is one phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; a sugar molecule; and a nitrogen base. The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C), and together, these serve as the “letters” that make up the genetic code of our DNA.
If you think of the double-helix as a ladder, the phosphate and sugar molecules would be the sides, while the base pairs would be the rungs. The bases on one strand pair with the bases on another strand: Adenine pairs with thymine (A-T), and guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C).
Sources
- https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/chromosome/#:~:text=In%20the%20nucleus%20of%20each,histones%20that%20support%20its%20structure.
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- https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Chromosomes-Fact-Sheet#:~:text=During%20cell%20division%2C%20it%20is,vast%20majority%20of%20cell%20divisions.
- https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Deoxyribonucleic-Acid-Fact-Sheet#:~:text=What%20is%20DNA%20made%20of,phosphate%20and%20sugar%20groups%20alternating.
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